Usb Fax Modem Cx Fu02 Driver For Mac

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Other drivers most commonly associated with Cx Fu02 Usb Modem problems: Cx Fu02 Usb Modem may sometimes be at fault for other drivers ceasing to function. These are the driver scans of 2 of our recent wiki members.Scans were performed on computers suffering from Cx Fu02 Usb Modem disfunctions.

Unfortunately, some software modems (winmodems) will not work withLinux due to lack of Linux drivers. Configuring the software modemsthat can be made to work with Linux ranges from very easy(automatically) to difficult, depending on both the modem, your skills,and how easy it is to find info about your modem --info that is notall in this HOWTO. If you buy a new one that you're not sure willwork under Linux, try to get an agreement that you can return it for arefund if it doesn't work out.

Even if your modem works with Linux it can't be used until the serialport it's located on is enabled and made known to the operatingsystem. For a detailed explanation of this (or if boot-time messagesdon't show your modem's serial port) study this HOWTO or seePlug-and-Play-HOWTO.

A modem for a PC may be either internal, external serial, orexternal USB. The internal one is installed inside of your PC (youmust remove screws, etc. to install it). An external one just plugsin to a cable: USB cable (USB modem) or to the serial port (RS-232serial modem). As compared to external serial modems, the internalmodems are less expensive, are less likely to to suffer data loss dueto buffer overrun, and usually use less electricity. An internalmodem obviously doesn't use up any desk space.

External serial modems are usually easier to install and usuallyhas less configuration problems provided the serial port you'llconnect it to is configured OK. External USB modems are more likelyto be winmodems and are reportedly usually more difficult to deal withthan external serial modems. External modems have lights which maygive you a clue as to what is happening and aid in troubleshooting.The fact that the serial port and modem can be physically separatedalso aids in troubleshooting. External modems are easy to move toanother computer. If you need to turn the power off to reset yourmodem (this is seldom necessary) then with an external you don't haveto power down the entire PC.

Unfortunately, most external serial modems have no switch to turn offthe power supply when not in use and thus are likely to consume alittle electricity even when turned off (unless you unplug the powersupply from the wall). Each watt they draw usually costs you over$1/yr. Another possible disadvantage of an external is that you willbe forced to use an existing serial port which may not support a speedof over 115,200 bps (although as of late 2000 most new internal modemsdon't either --but some do). For details Can't Set a High Enough Speed

Any modem, of course, needs the serial driver that comes with Linux(either built into the kernel or as a module). For PCI, this drivershould also detect the modem but it's not really a modem driver sinceit just detects which serial port the modem is on.

But what about modem drivers? Any software modem (winmodem, linmodem)must have a modem driver (if it exists for Linux). Hardware modemsdon't really need any modem driver unless you want to use specialfeatures such as voice and 'modem on hold'.

Software modems require software to run them and obviously do need adriver. The drivers for MS Windows are *.exe programs which will notrun under Linux. So you must use a Linux driver (if it exists). SeeSoftware-based Modems (winmodems, linmodems)

Do they all work under Linux?

At one time (2002 ?) all external modems would work under Linux.But then came the controllerless external modem which wouldn't. Ifthe box says it requires Windows with no mention of Linux it couldmean just that. Could it be that Windows software is provided for'modem on hold' and for use as an answering machine, etc., but thatotherwise it will work under Linux? Linux may not support thesefeatures very well if at all. If this is a recent version ofModem-HOWTO, let me know of your experience with this.

PnP External Modems

Many external modems are labeled 'Plug and Play' (PnP). If theyare hardware modems, they should all work as non-PnP modems. Whilethe serial port itself may need to be configured (IRQ number and IOaddress) unless the default configuration is OK, an external modemuses no such IRQ/IO configuration. You just plug the modem into theserial port.

The PnP modem has a special PnP identification built into it thatcan be read (thru the serial port) by a PnP operating system. Such anoperating system would then know that you have a modem on a certainport and would also know the id number. If it's a controllerlessmodem, it could try to locate a driver for it. It could also tellapplication programs what port your modem is on (such as /dev/ttyS2 orCOM3). But Linux may not be able to do this. Thus you may need toconfigure your application program manually by giving it the ttySnumber (such as /dev/ttyS2). Some programs like wvdial can probe fora modem on various ports.

Cabling & Installation

Connecting an external modem is simple compared to connectingmost other devices to a serial port that require various types of'null modem' cables (which will not work for modems). Modems usea straight through cable, with no pins crossed over. Most computerstores should have one. Make sure you get the correct gender andnumber of pins. Hook up your modem to one of your serial ports. Ifyou are willing to accept the default IRQ and IO address of the portyou connect it to, then you are ready to start your communicationprogram and configure the modem itself.

What the Lights (LED's) Mean (for some external modems)

  • TM Test Modem
  • AA Auto Answer (If on, your modem will answer an incoming call)
  • RD Receive Data line = RxD
  • SD Send Data line = TxD
  • TR data Terminal Ready = DTR (set by your PC)
  • RI Ring Indicator (If on, someone is 'ringing' your modem)
  • OH Off Hook (If off, your modem has hung up the phone line)
  • MR Modem Ready = DSR ??
  • EC Error Correction
  • DC Data Compression
  • HS High Speed (for this modem)

An internal modem is installed in a PC by taking off the cover ofthe PC and inserting the modem card into a vacant slot on themotherboard. There are modems for PCI slots, other modems for theolder ISA slots, and ARM software 'modems' for the new small AMR slot.Only some newer PCs will have ARM slots. While external modems pluginto the serial port (via a short cable) the internal modems have theserial port built into the modem. In other words, the modem card isboth a serial port and a modem.

Setting the IO address and IRQ for a serial port was formerly done byjumpers on the card. These are little black rectangular 'cubes' about5x4x2 mm in size which push in over pins on the card. Plug-and-Playmodems (actually the serial port part of the modems) don't use jumpersfor setting these but instead are configured by sending configurationcommands to them over the bus inside the computer. Such configurationcommands can be sent by a PnP BIOS, by the isapnp program (for the ISAbus only), by setpci (PCI bus: can't set IRQs), or by newer serialof how to configure the ones that don't get io-irq configured by theserial driver.

  1. ISA bus: Use 'isapnp' which may be run automatically atevery boot-time
  2. Let a PnP BIOS do it, and then maybe tell setserial the IO andIRQ
  3. PCI bus: Use lspci -vv to look at it and setpci to configure theIO only (can't set the IRQ).

See Quick Install for more details,especially for the PCI bus.

Introduction to software modems (winmodems)

Software modems turn over some (or even almost all) of the work ofthe modem to the main processor (CPU) chip of your computer (such as aPentium chip). This requires special software (a modem driver) to dothe job. Until late 1999, such software was released only for MSWindows and wouldn't work with Linux. Even worse was that the makerof the modem kept the interface to the modem secret so that no onecould write a Linux driver for it (even though a few volunteers werewilling to write Linux drivers).

But things have improved some since then so that today (late 2001)many such modems do have a linux driver. There is no standardinterface so that different brands/models of software-modems needdifferent drivers (unless the different brands/models happen to usethe same chipset internally). But some drivers may not work perfectlynor have all the features that a MS Windows driver has.

Another name for a software modem (used by MS) is 'driver-basedmodem'. The conventional hardware-based modem (that works with Linux)doesn't need a modem driver (but does use the Linux serial driver)After about mid-1998 most new internal modems were software modems.

Software modems fall into 2 categories: linmodems and winmodems.Winmodems will only work under MS Windows. Linmodems will work underLinux. They formerly were mostly winmodems so some also call them'winmodems'. The term 'Winmodem' is also a trademark for a certainmodel of 'winmodem' but that's not the meaning of it in this document.

Linmodems

In late 1999, two software-based modems appeared that could workunder Linux and were thus called 'linmodems'. Lucent Technologies(LT) unofficially released a Linux binary-only code to support most ofits PCI modems. PC-TEL (includes 'Zoltrix') introduced a newsoftware-based modem for Linux. After that, interest increased forgetting winmodems to work under linux. There is a GPL'ed driver forIntel's (Modem Silicon Operations) MD563x HaM chipset (nee Ambientdivision of Cirrus Logic). As of mid-2001 there are also drivers for:Conexant HSF and HCF, Motorola SM56 (support terminated), ESS (ISAonly), and IBM's Mwave for Thinkpads 600+. See http://linmodems.org.

What percent of software modems now (2001) work under Linux? Well,there's a number of modem chips not supported: Lucent/Agere ARM(Scorpio), 3COM/US Robotics, some SmartLink (3 different chipsets),Ambient HSP, and possibly others. So it seems that over half thesoftware modem chips were supported as of late 2001. As of 2005 itseems that the situation has gotten worse. Why? Well, Linux on theDesktop didn't grow as fast as expected and many PC users went forhigher speed cable modems and DSL.

Another reason is that many of the drivers were written years ago andwill only work for older versions of the Linux kernels. The drivercode is secret and the companies don't want to update drivers forhardware they are no longer selling.

Be warned in advance that determining if your modem is a linmodem maynot be very easy. You may need to first find out what chipset youhave and who makes it. Just knowing the brand and model number ofyour modem may not be sufficient. One method is to download thescanModem tool from http://linmodems.org but the resultsmay be hard to decipher and you may need to ask for help from thelinmodems mailing list. Another way to find this out using say 'lspci-v' and then looking up the chip maker using the long modem number.This requires checking a database or searching the Internet. Stillanother way is to look at the fine print on the chips on the modemcard. All this is not always simple. It could happen that you willput a lot of effort into this only to get the bad news that your modemisn't supported. But even if it is supported, support may only be foran old version of the kernel. See Linmodem-HOWTO for more details.

Linmodem sites and documentation

  • Linmodem-HOWTO
  • Winmodems-and-Linux-HOWTO (not as well written as Linmodem-HOWTO)
  • http://linmodems.org is a project to turn winmodemsinto linmodems. Has a mailing list.
  • Conexant+Rockwell-modem-HOWTO
  • old modem list Has links to linmodem info, but notmaintained after 2003.
  • PCTel-HSP-MicroModem-Configuration-mini-HOWTO

Software-based modem types

There are two basic types of software modems. In one type thesoftware does almost all of the work. The other is where the softwareonly does the 'control' operations (which is everything exceptprocessing the digital waveshapes --to be explained later). Since thehardware doesn't do the control it's called a 'controllerless' modem.The first type is an all-software modem (sometimes just called asoftware modem).

For both of these types there must be analog hardware in the modem (oron the motherboard) to generate an electrical waveshape to send outthe phone line. It's generated from a digital signal (which is sortof a 'digital waveshape'). It's something like the digitalelectronics creates a lot of discrete points on graph paper and thenthe modem draws a smooth voltage curve thru them. There must also behardware to convert the incoming waveshape to digital. This is justanalog-to-digital conversion (and conversely). It's done by a codec(coder-decoder).

The incoming digital waveshape must be converted to a data bytestream. This is part of the demodulation process. Recall that thesedata bytes have likely been compressed, so they are not at all likethe original message. Turning data bytes into a digital waveshape ispart of the modulation process. Even after demodulation is done, themodem can't just send the resulting incoming data byte stream to theserial port input buffers, but must first do decompression, errorcorrection, and convert from serial to the parallel bus of thecomputer. But the modem may get the CPU to do the actual work. It'sthe reverse sequence for an outgoing data byte stream.

The difference between the two types of software-based modems is wherethe digital modulation takes place. In the all-software modem thismodulation is done in the CPU and it's called a Host Signal Processor(HSP). In the controllerless modem it's done in the modem but allother digital work is done by the CPU. This other digital workconsists of dealing with AT-commands, data compression, errorcorrection, and simulating a serial port. In the all-software modem,there are still two items handled by hardware: the A/D conversion ofwaveshapes by the codec and echo cancellation.

Is this modem a software modem?

How do you determine if an internal modem is a software modem?First see if the name, description of it, or even the name of the MSWindows driver for it indicates it's a software modem: HSP (HostSignal Processor) , HCF (Host Controlled Family), HSF (Host SignalFamily), controllerless, host-controlled, host-based, and soft-..modem. If it's one of these modem it will only work for the caseswhere a Linux driver is available. Since software modems cost less, alow price is a clue that it's a software modem.

If you don't know the model of the modem and you also have Windows onyour Linux PC, click on the 'Modem' icon in the 'Control Panel'. Thensee the modem list (not maintained after 2003). If the above doesn'twork (or isn't feasible), you can look at the package the modem camein (or a manual). Read the section on the package that sayssomething like 'Minimum System Requirements' or just 'SystemRequirements'.

A hardware modem will work fine on old CPUs (such as the 386 orbetter). So if it requires a modern CPU (such as a Pentium or other'high speed' CPU of say over 150 MHz) this is a clue that it's aall-software modem. If it only requires a 486 CPU (or better) thenit's likely a host-controlled software modem. Saying that it onlyworks with Windows is also bad news. However, even in this case theremay be a Linux driver for it or it could be a mistake in labeling.

Otherwise, it may be a hardware modem if it fails to state explicitlythat you must have Windows. By saying it's 'designed for Windows' itmay only mean that it fully supports Microsoft's plug-and-play whichis OK since Linux uses the same plug-and-play specs (but it's harderto configure under Linux). Being 'designed for Windows' thus gives noclue as to whether or not it will work under Linux. You might checkthe Website of the manufacturer or inquire via email. Somemanufacturers are specifically stating that certain models work underLinux. Sometimes they are linmodems that require you to obtain andinstall a certain linmodem driver.

Should I get a software modem?

Only if you know there is a Linux driver for it that works OK.But there may be a problem if the driver isn't being maintained and asa result doesn't work with future versions of the kernel. Also, thedriver may not have full functionality. Besides the problems ofgetting a satisfactory driver, what are the pros and cons of softwaremodems? Since the software modem uses the CPU to do some (or all) ofits work, the software modem requires less on-board electronics on themodem card and thus costs less. At the same time, the CPU work loadis increased by the modem which may result in slower operation.

The percentage of loading of the CPU by the modem depends on both whatCPU you have and whether or not it's an all-software modem. For amodern CPU and a modem that only uses the CPU as a controller, there'slittle loss of performance. Even if it's an all-software modem, youwill not suffer a loss of performance if there are no otherCPU-intensive tasks are running at the same time. Of course, whenyou're not using the software modem there is no degradation inperformance at all.

Is the modem cost savings worth it? In many cases yes, especially ifyou don't use the modem much and/or are not running any other CPUintensive tasks when the modem is in use. The savings in modem costcould be used for a better CPU which would speed things up a little.But the on-board electronics of a hardware modem can do the job moreefficiently than a general purpose CPU (except that it's not efficientat all when it's not in use). So if you use the modem a lot it'sprobably better to avoid all-software modems.

A PCI modem card is one which inserts into a PCI-bus slot on themotherboard of a PC. While many PCI winmodems will not work underLinux (no driver available) other PCI modems will work under Linux.The Linux serial driver has been modified to support certain PCIhardware modem cards (but not winmodems/linmodems). If it's alinmodem, it will work only if you install a certain linmodem driver.If the Linux serial driver supports your hardware modem then thedriver will set up the PnP configuration for you. See PCI Bus Support Underway. If no specialsupport for your PCI hardware modem is in the Linux serial driver itmay still work OK but you have to do some work to configure it.

These are mainly used in laptops. They are all winmodems thatinsert into a special AMR (Audio Modem Riser) slot on the motherboard.Audio cards or combined audio-modem cards are sometimes used in thisslot. The slot's main use is for HSF type modems where the CPU doesalmost all of the work. This results in a small 'modem' card and thusa short AMR slot. The motherboard has a codec which takes digitaloutput from the CPU and generates analog voltage waves at the ARMslot (and conversely). Thus the 'modem' that plugs into the slot haslittle to do except to interface the telephone line with the codec.Linux supports at least one AMR modem. lspci -v should display it.

USB = Universal Serial Bus. Most USB modems are winmodems, so manywill not work with Linux. Linux has support for modems that conformto the USB Communication Device Class Abstract Control Model (= USBCDC ACM). There's a module for ACM named acm.o. See the /usb/acm.txtdocument in the kernel documentation directory(/usr/share/doc/kernel-doc-2.6.x in Debian, perhaps /usr/doc/kernel..in some distributions). The ACM 'serial port' for the first (0th)such modem is: /dev/usb/acm/0 or possibly /dev/usb/ttyACM0. Thisshould be the case regardless of whether or not you use the new'device file system'. It's not really a serial port, but the drivermakes it look like a serial port to software which uses the modem.

Since the bandwidth on the USB is high it's possible to send a lotmore that just data to a USB modem. This means that it's feasible tocreate a USB winmodem where the driver does most of the modem's workon the CPU and sends the results to the modem. So beware of USBwinmodems (unless they have Linux support).

  • Software-based Modems (winmodems, linmodems) Only about half have a Linux driver available.
  • MWave and DSP Modems might work, but only ifyou first start Windows/Dos each time you power on your PC.
  • Modems with Old Rockwell (RPI) Driverswork but with reduced performance.

MWave and some DSP Modems

Note that there's now a Linux driver for the ACP (Mwave) modemused in IBM Thinkpads 600+. See the mini-HOWTO: ACP-Modem.

While hardware modems used use DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) someof these DSPs are programmed by a driver which must be downloaded fromthe hard disk to the DSPs memory just before using the modem.Unfortunately, such downloading is normally done by Dos/Windowsprograms (which doesn't work for Linux). But there has beensubstantial success in getting some of these modems to work withLinux. For example, there is a Linux driver available to run a Lucent(DSP) modem.

Ordinary modems that work fine with Linux (without needing a driverfor the modem) often have a DSP too (and may mention this on thepackaging), but the program that runs the DSP is stored inside themodem. These work fine under Linux. An example of a DSP modem thathas problems working under Linux is the old IBM's Aptiva MWAVE.

One way to get some DSP modems to work with Linux is to boot from DOS(if you have it on your Linux PC). You first install the driver underDOS (using DOS and not Window drivers). Then start Dos/Windows andstart the driver for the modem so as to program the DSP. Then withoutturning off the computer, start Linux.

One may write a 'batch' file (actually a script) to do this. Here isan example but you must modify it to suit your situation.

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One may create an icon for the Window's desktop which points to such abatch file and set the icon properties to 'Run in MSDOS Mode'. Thenby clicking on this icon one sets up the modem and goes to Linux.Another possible way to boot Linux from DOS is to press CTRL-ALT-DELand tell it to reboot (assuming that you have set things up so thatyou can boot directly into Linux). The modem remains on the same comport (same IO address) that it used under DOS.

The Newcom ifx modem needs a small kernel patch to work correctlysince its simulation of a serial port is non-standard. The patch andother info for using this modem with Linux is at http://quinine.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/~ejolson/linux/newcom.html.

Old Rockwell (RPI) Drivers

Some older Rockwell chips need Rockwell RPI (RockwellProtocol Interface) drivers for compression and error correction.They can still be used with Linux even though the driver softwareworks only under MS Windows. This is because the MS Windows software(which you don't have) does only compression and error correction. Ifyou are willing to operate the modem without compression and errorcorrection then it's feasible to use it with Linux. To do this youwill need to disable RPI by sending the modem (via the initializationstring) a 'RPI disable' command each time you power on your modem. Onmy old modem this command was +H0. Not having data compressionavailable makes it slower to get webpages but is just as fast whendownloading files that are already compressed.

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